April 29, 2013
thunderlane12@gmail.comthunderlanewriter@yahoo.comthunderlane@writing.comhttp://writing.com/author/thunderlanehttp://groups.yahoo.com/group/thunderlaneBadlands National ParkFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to:
navigation,
searchBadlands National Park
IUCN category II (
national park)
Location
Jackson,
Pennington, and
Shannon counties,
South Dakota,
U.S.Nearest city
Wall, South DakotaCoordinates
43°45′00″N 102°30′00″W / 43.75000°N 102.50000°W / 43.75000; -102.50000Coordinates:
43°45′00″N 102°30′00″W / 43.75000°N 102.50000°W / 43.75000; -102.50000Area242,756 acres (98,240 ha)
[1]EstablishedJanuary 29, 1939 (1939-January-29) as a National MonumentNovember 10, 1978 as a National ParkVisitors870,741 (in 2011)
[2]Governing body
National Park ServiceMount Rushmore
Black Hills and Badlands
Badlands National ParkSculpture
Mount RushmoreCrazy HorseGeologic FormationsBadlands
NeedlesDevils TowerBear ButteSpearfish CanyonMountains
Harney PeakCaves
Wind CaveJewel CaveForestsCusterBlack HillsBlack ElkPrairie and
GrasslandWind CaveBuffalo GapLakes
SylvanPactolavteBadlands National Park is a
national park in southwestern
South Dakota that protects 242,756 acres (98,240 ha)
[1] of sharply
eroded buttes, pinnacles, and spires blended with the largest undisturbed mixed
grass prairie in the United States. The park is managed by the
National Park Service.The
Badlands Wilderness protects 64,144 acres (25,958 ha) of the park as a designated
wilderness area[3] and is the site of the reintroduction of the
black-footed ferret, the most
endangered land
mammal in
North America.
[4]The Stronghold Unit is co-managed with the
Oglala Lakota tribe and includes sites of 1890s
Ghost Dances,
[5] a former
United States Air Force bomb and gunnery range,
[6] and
Red Shirt Table, the park's highest point at 3,340 feet (1,020 m).
[7] Authorized as Badlands National Monument on March 4, 1929, it was not established until January 25, 1939. It was redesignated a
national park on November 10, 1978.
[8]Under the
Mission 66 plan, the Ben Reifel Visitor Center was constructed for the monument in 1957–58. The park also administers the nearby
Minuteman Missile National Historic Site.Contents [
hide]
1 Prehistory1.1 Genera found in the area2 Human history2.1 Native Americans2.2 Fossil hunters2.3 Homesteaders2.4 Pine Ridge Indian Reservation3 Visiting the Park4 References5 External linksPrehistory[
edit]Genera found in the area[
edit]
Restoration of genera present in the formations, by
Jay MatternesAlligator (
Crocodilian)
Archaeotherium (
Entelodont)
Dinictis (
Nimravid)
Eporeodon (
Oreodont)
Eusmilus (
Nimravid)
Hoplophoneus (
Nimravid)
Hyaenodon (
Creodont)
Hyracodon (
Running Rhino)
Ischyromys (
Ground Squirrel-like
Rodent)
Leptomeryx (
Tragulid)
Merycoidodon (
Oreodont)
Metamynodon (
Aquatic Rhino)
Miniochoerus (
Oreodont)
Poebrotherium (
Camel)
Subhyracodon (
Rhinoceros)See also:
White River Fauna for a list of fossil animals discovered in the
formations that make up Badlands National Park and surrounding areas.Human history[
edit]Native Americans[
edit]
False-color satellite image of the park (
more information)For 11,000 years,
Native Americans have used this area for their hunting grounds. Long before the
Lakota were the little-studied
paleo-Indians, followed by the
Arikara people. Their descendants live today in
North Dakota as a part of the
Three Affiliated Tribes. Archaeological records combined with oral traditions indicate that these people camped in secluded valleys where fresh water and game were available year round. Eroding out of the stream banks today are the rocks and charcoal of their campfires, as well as the arrowheads and tools they used to butcher bison, rabbits, and other game. From the top of the
Badlands Wall, they could scan the area for enemies and wandering herds. If hunting was good, they might hang on into winter, before retracing their way to their villages along the
Missouri River. By one hundred and fifty years ago, the
Great Sioux Nation consisting of seven bands including the Oglala Lakota, had displaced the other tribes from the northern prairie.The next great change came toward the end of the 19th century as
homesteaders moved into
South Dakota. The U.S. government stripped
Native Americans of much of their territory and forced them to live on reservations. In the fall and early winter of 1890, thousands of
Native American followers, including many Oglala Sioux, became followers of the Indian prophet
Wovoka. His vision called for the native people to dance the
Ghost Dance and wear
Ghost Shirts, which would be impervious to bullets. Wovoka had predicted that the white man would vanish and their hunting grounds would be restored. One of the last known Ghost Dances was conducted on Stronghold Table in the South Unit of Badlands National Park. As winter closed in, the ghost dancers returned to
Pine Ridge Agency. The climax of the struggle came in late December, 1890. Headed south from the
Cheyenne River, a band of
Minneconjou Sioux crossed a pass in the Badlands Wall. Pursued by units of the U.S. Army, they were seeking refuge in the
Pine Ridge Reservation. The band, led by
Chief Big Foot, was finally overtaken by the soldiers near
Wounded Knee Creek in the Reservation and ordered to camp there overnight. The troops attempted to disarm Big Foot's band the next morning. Gunfire erupted. Before it was over, nearly three hundred Indians and thirty soldiers lay dead. The
Wounded Knee Massacre was the last major clash between
Plains Indians and the U.S. military until the advent of the
American Indian Movement in the 1970s, most notably in the
1973 standoff at
Wounded Knee, South Dakota.Wounded Knee is not within the boundaries of Badlands National Park. It is located approximately 45 miles (72 km) south of the park on Pine Ridge Reservation. The U.S. government and the Oglala Lakota Nation have agreed that this is a story to be told by the Oglala of
Pine Ridge and Minneconjou of
Standing Rock Reservation. The interpretation of the site and its tragic events are held as the primary responsibility of these survivors.Fossil hunters[
edit]
Aerial view, 3D computer generated imageThe history of the White River Badlands as a significant paleontological resource goes back to the traditional Native American knowledge of the area. The Lakota found large fossilized bones, fossilized seashells and turtle shells. They correctly assumed that the area had once been under water, and that the bones belonged to creatures which no longer existed.[
citation needed] Paleontological interest in this area began in the 1840s. Trappers and traders regularly traveled the 300 miles (480 km) from
Fort Pierre to
Fort Laramie along a path which skirted the edge of what is now Badlands National Park. Fossils were occasionally collected, and in 1843 a fossilized jaw fragment collected by Alexander Culbertson of the
American Fur Company found its way to a physician in St. Louis by the name of Dr. Hiram A. Prout.In 1846, Prout published a paper about the jaw in the
American Journal of Science in which he stated that it had come from a creature he called a Paleotherium. Shortly after the publication, the White River Badlands became popular fossil hunting grounds and, within a couple of decades, numerous new fossil species had been discovered in the White River Badlands. In 1849, Dr. Joseph Leidy published a paper on an Oligocene camel and renamed Prout's Paleotherium,
Titanotherium prouti. By 1854 when he published a series of papers about North American fossils, 84 distinct species had been discovered in North America – 77 of which were found in the White River Badlands. In 1870 a Yale professor, O. C. Marsh, visited the region and developed more refined methods of extracting and reassembling fossils into nearly complete skeletons. From 1899 to today, the
South Dakota School of Mines has sent people almost every year and remains one of the most active research institutions working in the White River Badlands. Throughout the late 19th century and continuing today, scientists and institutions from all over the world have benefited from the fossil resources of the White River Badlands. The White River Badlands have developed an international reputation as a fossil-rich area. They contain the richest deposits of
Oligocene mammals known, providing a brief glimpse of life in this area 33 million years ago.Homesteaders[
edit]Aspects of American
homesteading began before the end of the
American Civil War; however, it didn't really impact the Badlands until the 20th century. Then, many hopeful farmers traveled to South Dakota from Europe or the
eastern United States to try to eke out a living in the area. The standard size for a homestead was 160 acres (65 ha). Being in a semi-arid, wind-swept environment, this proved far too small of a holding to support a family. In 1916, in the western Dakotas, the
size of a homestead was increased to 640 acres (260 ha). Cattle grazed the land, and crops such as winter wheat and hay were cut annually. However, the
Great Dust Bowl events of the 1930s, combined with waves of grasshoppers, proved too much for most of the settlers of the Badlands. Houses, which had been built out of sod blocks and heated by buffalo chips, were abandoned. Those who remained today ranch and raise wheat.Pine Ridge Indian Reservation[
edit]As part of the war effort, the
U.S. Army Air Force (USAAF) took possession of 341,726 acres (138,292 ha) of land on the
Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, home of the
Oglala Sioux people, for a gunnery range. Included in this range was 337 acres (136 ha) from the Badlands National Monument. This land was used extensively from 1942 through 1945 as an air-to-air and air-to-ground gunnery range including both precision and demolition bombing exercises. After the war, portions of the bombing range were used as an artillery range by the South Dakota National Guard. In 1968, most of the range was declared excess property by the USAF though 2,500 acres (1,000 ha) are retained by the USAF but no longer used, the majority of the land was turned over to the National Park Service.Firing took place within most of the present day Stronghold District. Land was bought or leased from individual landowners and the Tribe in order to clear the area of human occupation. Old car bodies and 55 gallon drums painted bright yellow were used as targets. Bulls-eyes 250 feet (76 m) across were plowed into the ground and used as targets by bombardiers. Small automatic aircraft called "
target drones" and 60-by-8-foot (18 by 2 m) screens dragged behind planes served as mobile targets. Today, the ground is littered with discarded bullet cases and unexploded ordnance.125 families were forcibly relocated from their farms and ranches in the 1940s including
Dewey Beard, a survivor of the
Wounded Knee Massacre. Those that remained nearby recall times when they had to dive under tractors while out cutting hay to avoid bombs dropped by planes miles outside of the boundary. In the town of
Interior, both a church and the building housing the current post office were struck by six inch (152 mm) shells through the roof. Pilots operating out of
Ellsworth Air Force Base near
Rapid City found it a real challenge to determine the exact boundaries of the range. Fortunately, there were no civilian casualties. However, at least a dozen flight crew personnel lost their lives in plane crashes.The Stronghold District of Badlands National Park offers more than scenic badlands with spectacular views. Co-managed by the
National Park Service and the Oglala Lakota Tribe, this 133,300-acre (53,900 ha) area is steeped in history. Deep
draws, high tables and rolling prairie hold the stories of the earliest plains hunters, the
paleo-Indians, as well as the present day Lakota Nation.Visiting the Park[
edit]
Tenting in the Cedar Pass CampgroundBadlands National Park has two campgrounds for overnight visits.
[9]References[
edit]^
Jump up to: a b "Listing of acreage as of December 31, 2011". Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report". National Park Service. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Badlands Wilderness". Wilderness.net. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2008 Badlands Visitor Guide". National Park Service. p. 2. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Badlands National Park".
Rand McNally. Retrieved March 12, 2011. "The cultural centerpiece of this section is the Stronghold Table, where the Oglala Sioux danced the Ghost Dance for the last time in 1890." [
dead link]
Jump up ^ "Pine Ridge Gunnery Range/Badlands Bombing Range". South Dakota; Department of Environment & Natural Resources.
Archived from the original on March 9, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ "U.S. National Park High Points". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved March 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The National Parks: Index 2009–2011". National Park Service. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.nps.gov/badl/planyourvisit/camping.htmExternal links[
edit]Find more about Badlands National Park at Wikipedia's
sister projectsMedia from Commons
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Badlands National Park - official
National Park Service website
Badlands Visitor Information websiteBadlands Bombing Range -
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers[
show]
vteNational parks of the United States
AcadiaAmerican SamoaArchesBadlands
Big BendBiscayneBlack Canyon of the GunnisonBryce CanyonCanyonlandsCapitol ReefCarlsbad CavernsChannel IslandsCongareeCrater LakeCuyahoga ValleyDeath ValleyDenaliDry TortugasEvergladesGates of the ArcticGlacierGlacier BayGrand CanyonGrand TetonGreat BasinGreat Sand DunesGreat Smoky MountainsGuadalupe MountainsHaleakalāHawaiʻi VolcanoesHot SpringsIsle RoyaleJoshua TreeKatmaiKenai FjordsKings CanyonKobuk ValleyLake ClarkLassen VolcanicMammoth CaveMesa VerdeMount RainierNorth CascadesOlympicPetrified ForestPinnaclesRedwoodRocky MountainSaguaroSequoiaShenandoahTheodore RooseveltVirgin IslandsVoyageursWind CaveWrangell–St. EliasYellowstoneYosemiteZion List of national parks of the United States (by
elevation)[
show]
vteProtected areas of
South DakotaFederalNational ParksBadlands
Wind CaveNational Historic Sitesand
MemorialsMinuteman Missile NHSMount Rushmore NMemNational MonumentJewel CaveNational ForestsBlack HillsCusterNational GrasslandsBuffalo GapDakota PrairieFort PierreGrand RiverNational Historic TrailLewis and ClarkNational Recreational RiverMissouriNational Wildlife RefugesHuron WMDKarl E. MundtLacreekLake AndesMadison WMDSand LakeSand Lake WMDWaubayWaubay WMDNational Wilderness AreasBadlandsBlack ElkStateState ParksAdams Homestead and Nature PreserveBear ButteCusterFisher GroveFort SissetonGood EarthHartford BeachLake HermanLone PineNewton HillsOakwood LakesPalisadesRoy LakeSica HollowUnion GroveState Recreation Areas
AngosturaBeaver CreekBig SiouxBig Stone IslandBurke LakeBuryanekChief White CraneCow CreekFarm IslandGeorge S. Mickelson TrailIndian CreekLaFramboise IslandLake AlvinLake CochraneLake HiddenwoodLake LouiseLake PoinsettLake ThompsonLake VermillionLewis and ClarkLittle MoreauLlewellyn JohnsMina LakeNorth PointNorth WheelerOahe DownstreamOkobojo PointPease CreekPelican LakePickerel LakePierson RanchPlatte CreekRandall CreekRichmond LakeSandy ShoreShadehillSnake CreekSpirit Mound Historic PrairieSpringfieldSwan CreekWalker's PointWest BendWest PollackWest Whitlock
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Florida ReviewThe Florida Review publishes innovative fiction, nonfiction, poetry, reviews, and graphic narrative by established and emerging writers. Spring Editors' Prize awards $1000 in each genre.
[Read more about The Florida Review]Foliate OakThe Foliate Oak Literary Magazine features cutting edge writing and artwork from writers and artists all over the world. [o/p][
Read more about Foliate Oak]Four ChambersFour Chambers is an independent literary magazine based in Phoenix, AZ. We're publishing work to build community.[
Read more about Four Chambers]
Fourteen HillsFourteen Hills is a biannual journal publishing the highest quality experimental, progressive, and traditional fiction, poetry, literary nonfiction, short plays, and visual art.[
Read more about Fourteen Hills]
Fourth GenreDevoted to publishing notable, innovative work in creative nonfiction, including personal essays and memoirs, graphic essays, experimental forms, and book reviews.
[Read more about Fourth Genre]The Fourth RiverThe Fourth River seeks works that approaches nature and place in fresh, unexpected ways.[
Read more about The Fourth River]
FrostwritingFrostwriting, an online journal, encourages developing writers trying to put broadly cross-cultural experiences into words. Should these words in any way involve Sweden, all the better. [o][
Read more about Frostwriting]
G
top of page GargoyleGargoyle Magazine has always been a scallywag magazine, a maverick magazine, a bit too academic for the underground and way too underground for the academics.
[Read more about Gargoyle Magazine]Gemini MagazineGemini Magazine is an online journal with no rules. We are open to any form of fiction, poetry, memoir, creative nonfiction, art, photography, or other creative work. Every submission gets an equal chance, no matter who it is from.[
Read more about Gemini Magazine]
Georgetown ReviewWe publish fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction by both new and established writers. $1,000 contest prize awarded each fall.
[Read more about Georgetown Review]The
Georgia ReviewEach issue of The Georgia Review features some 200 pages of fiction, poetry, essays, and reviews—as well as a visual art portfolio, usually in color.
[Read more about Georgia Review]The
Gettysburg ReviewThe Gettysburg Review publishes poetry, prose, and visual art by established and emerging talents in issues that are as handsome as they are stimulating.
[Read more about Gettysburg Review]Glimmer Train StoriesQuarterly literary magazine. 260 pages of short stories by new and established writers from around the world. No advertising. A feast of fiction.
[Read more about Glimmer Train Stories]Green Mountains ReviewGreen Mountains Review publishes poetry, fiction, creative nonfiction, literary essays, interviews, and book reviews. We print work by both well-known writers and promising newcomers.
[Read more about Green Mountains Review]The
Greensboro ReviewWe publish fiction and poetry twice a year, each fall and spring. Work from the journal is consistently cited in collections honoring the finest new writing.
[Read more about The Greensboro Review]GristThe University of Tennessee’s new journal publishes literary fiction, poetry, interviews, and essays on craft.[
Read more about Grist]
Gulf CoastCommitted to publishing high quality fiction, poetry, nonfiction, and critical art writing from both established and emerging writers. Includes full-color art, interviews, and book reviews.
[Read more about Gulf Coast]H
top of pageHamilton Arts & Letters Hamilton Arts & Letters magazine is a biannual online publication featuring artwork, interviews, reviews, essays, poetry, fiction, creative nonfiction, film, and sound. [o][
Read more about Hamilton Arts & Letters]
Hampden-Sydney Poetry ReviewOne of the longest-running poetry journals in the country. “I like the look of it, the feel of it—the taste of it.” —William Stafford [
Read more about Hampden-Sydney Poetry Review]
Hanging LooseHanging Loose magazine, first published in 1966, has consistently published fresh, lively writing by new and older authors who deserve a wider audience.
[Read more about Hanging Loose] Hayden’s Ferry ReviewHayden’s Ferry Review showcases the voices of emerging and established talents in creative writing and visual art from the national and international community [
Read more about Hayden's Ferry Review]
High Desert JournalHDJ is a literary and visual arts magazine dedicated to further understanding the people, places and issues of the interior West. [
Read more about High Desert Journal]
Hiram Poetry ReviewThe Hiram Poetry Review has been publishing witty, distinctive and heroic poetry since 1966.[
Read more about Hiram Poetry Review]The
Hudson ReviewSince 1948, focusing on how literature bears on the intellectual life of the time. Publishes undiscovered writers. Poetry, fiction, critical essays, book reviews, arts chronicles.
[Read more about The Hudson Review]I
top of pageThe Idaho ReviewAn annual review of literary fiction and poetry, highlighting an array of distinguished writers as well as new and exciting voices of emerging writers.[
Read more about The Idaho Review]
Indiana ReviewNow in its 36th year of publication, Indiana Review is a non-profit literary magazine dedicated to showcasing the talents of emerging and established writers.
[Read more about Indiana Review]The
Iowa ReviewDedicated to publishing the finest contemporary fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction.
[Read more about The Iowa Review]J -
K
top of pageJewish Fiction .net Jewish Fiction .net showcases the finest contemporary Jewish-themed fiction from around the world (either written in, or translated into, English). Stories and novel excerpts welcome. [o][
Read more about Jewish Fiction .net]
JukedIndependent literary journal that publishes fiction, poetry, nonfiction, and photography. Our online edition is updated once or twice a week, and our print publication comes out annually. In publication since 1999. [o/p][
Read more about Juked]The
Kenyon ReviewThe Kenyon Review features the best new writing by established and emerging authors.
[Read more about Kenyon Review]L
top of pageThe LabletterThe Labletter is an annual magazine of art and literature that has its roots in the Oregon Lab, the name given to a group of artists and their annual gathering[
Read more about The Labletter]
LalitambaLalitamba is an international journal of writings for liberation.[
Read more about Lalitamba]The
Ledge MagazineAn independent publication featuring cutting-edge contemporary poetry and fiction by both established and emerging poets and writers.
[Read more about The Ledge Magazine]The Literary BohemianThe Literary Bohemian is the final online destination for first-class, travel-inspired writing that transports the reader, non-stop, to Elsewhere. [o][
Read more about Literary Bohemian]
Literary JuiceLiterary Juice is produced from 100% pure originality. We feature works of fiction and poetry that are clever, bold, and even weird! [o][
Read more about Literary Juice]Literary LaundryLiterary Laundry is an online journal that publishes two issues per year. We publish poetry, prose-fiction, and one-act drama. [o][
Read more about Literary Laundry]The
Louisville ReviewSince 1976, The Louisville Review has published the best of contemporary writing in fiction, poetry, creative nonfiction, drama, and writing by children (K-12).
[Read more about The Louisville Review] Browse Next Page of Literary Magazine Guide
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May 10th at 9:24 pm